Iran
Name
| Official name | Islamic Republic of Iran — Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān (جمهوری اسلامی ایران) |
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| Former names | Persia, in Western use to 1935; the Imperial State of Iran under the Pahlavis (1925–1979); the empires of the Achaemenids, Parthians, Sasanians, Safavids and Qajars before |
| Demonym | Iranian; Persian |
| Meaning of the name | "The land of the Aryans" — Ērān, of the Sasanian kings; Persia from Pars, the Achaemenid homeland |
| Motto | None official — "Esteqlāl, Āzādi, Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi," independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic, the slogan of 1979 |
Quick facts
| Capital | Tehran — the capital since 1786; about 9.5 million, 16 million in the region |
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| Largest cities | Tehran; Mashhad, about 3.5 million; Isfahan; Karaj; Shiraz; Tabriz; Qom, the seminary city; Ahvaz; Kermanshah |
| Official language | Persian — Farsi, an Indo-European language in the Arabic script; Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Luri, Mazandarani, Gilaki, Arabic, Balochi and Turkmen the regional tongues; Arabic taught as the language of the Quran |
| Currency | Iranian rial — ISO code IRR; the toman of ten rials in daily use; about 42,000 official and above 1,000,000 on the open market to the U.S. dollar; the redenomination law of 2025 |
| Time zone | Iran Standard Time, UTC+3:30, all year — summer time abolished 2022 |
| Calendar | The Solar Hijri — the year from Nowruz, the spring equinox, 1405 from 21 March 2026; the Islamic lunar calendar for the religious feasts; the Gregorian in trade |
| Calling code | +98 |
| Internet domains | .ir and .ایران |
| ISO 3166 codes | IR · IRN · 364 |
| Vehicle registration code | IR |
| Driving side | Right |
| Electricity | 220 V, 50 Hz; plug types C and F |
| Founded | The Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus, 550 BC; the Islamic Republic, 1 April 1979, by the referendum of 30–31 March; the revolution of 11 February 1979 |
| National days | 11 February, the Victory of the Revolution; 1 April, Islamic Republic Day; 21 March, Nowruz, and the thirteen days to Sizdah Bedar; 4 June, the death of Khomeini; the Shia feasts and mournings — Ashura, Arbaeen, Eid al-Ghadir |
| Constitution | 3 December 1979 — the Constitution of the Islamic Republic, approved by referendum; revised by the referendum of 28 July 1989, which abolished the prime minister and strengthened the Supreme Leader; the velayat-e faqih, the guardianship of the jurist, at its heart |
| Population | 79,926,270 at the census of 2016; about 92 million (UN, 2025 est.) — the second in the Middle East |
| Area | 1,648,195 km² (636,372 sq mi) — land 1,531,595 km², water 116,600 km²; the seventeenth-largest country |
Flag & national symbols
| National flag | A horizontal tricolor of green, white and red — Islam, peace, courage — bearing the national emblem at the center in red, a stylized "Allah" in the form of a tulip, the flower of the martyrs, and the words "Allahu Akbar" written twenty-two times in white Kufic along the edges of the bands for the 22nd of Bahman, the day of the revolution; adopted 29 July 1980, the lion and sun of the monarchy removed.Flag of Iran |
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| National emblem | The word Allah drawn as four crescents and a sword in the shape of a tulip, designed by Hamid Nadimi and approved by Khomeini on 9 May 1980 — the five parts for the five pillars, the sword for strength; the Lion and Sun of the shahs the emblem of Persia from the 15th century to 1979 |
| National anthem | "Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān" — words by a committee, music by Hassan Riahi; adopted 1990, replacing the "Payandeh Bādā Irān" of the revolution's first decade |
| National colors | Green, white and red |
| National animal | The Asiatic cheetah — the last of its kind on earth, a few dozen left in the deserts of Semnan; the Persian leopard, the Persian lion of the arms gone since the 1940s; widely cited |
| National flower | The tulip — the flower of the martyrs and the emblem; the Damask rose of Kashan; the red rose; widely cited |
| National tree | The cypress — the sarv of the gardens and the poetry; widely cited |
| National dish | Chelow kebab — rice and grilled meat; ghormeh sabzi, the herb stew; fesenjan; the rice with saffron and the tahdig; widely cited |
| Symbol status | The flag and emblem are fixed by the Constitution and the decree of 1980; the anthem by the decree of 1990; the animal, flower, tree and dishes widely cited |
Geography
| Location | Western Asia — the plateau between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; Iraq and Turkey to the west, the Caucasus to the northwest, Turkmenistan to the northeast, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east |
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| Land borders | 5,894 km (3,662 mi) with seven countries — Iraq 1,599, Turkmenistan 1,148, Pakistan 959, Afghanistan 921, Azerbaijan 689 including Nakhchivan, Turkey 534, Armenia 44 |
| Coastline | 2,440 km (1,516 mi) — 740 km on the Caspian, 1,700 km on the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman |
| Highest point | Mount Damavand, 5,610 m (18,406 ft) — the highest in the Middle East, the highest volcano in Asia |
| Lowest point | The Caspian Sea, 28 m (92 ft) below sea level |
| Mean elevation | 1,305 m (4,281 ft) |
| The Strait of Hormuz | The 33 km channel between Iran and Oman at the mouth of the Gulf, through which a fifth of the world's oil and a fifth of its liquefied gas pass in the ordinary year — the islands of Qeshm, Larak and Hormuz on the Iranian side, the Tunbs and Abu Musa held by Iran and claimed by the Emirates; closed by Iran in the war of 2026, its reopening the subject of the talks |
| Rivers and lakes | The Karun, 950 km, the only navigable river, through Ahvaz to the Shatt al-Arab; the Sefid Rud to the Caspian; the Zayandeh Rud of Isfahan, dry in most years now; Lake Urmia, once the largest in the Middle East at 5,000 km², shrunk to a salt flat and partly returned; the Caspian, the largest lake on earth, shared with four |
| Terrain | The central plateau at 1,000 m ringed by the Alborz along the Caspian and the Zagros along the west; the deserts of the Dasht-e Kavir and the Dasht-e Lut in the middle; the Khuzestan plain of the oil; the Caspian lowland of rice and tea; the Makran coast |
| Climate | Arid and semi-arid over most — the Caspian coast wet and humid with 1,500 mm, the Lut and Kavir under 100 mm; hot summers of 50°C in Khuzestan; snow in the mountains; the drought of the 2020s and the water crisis of Tehran |
| Natural hazards | Earthquakes — among the most seismic countries on earth: Bam, 26 December 2003, about 26,000 dead; Rudbar-Manjil 1990, 40,000; Tabas 1978; Kermanshah 2017; the drought and the sinking of the plains as the aquifers empty; the dust storms of Khuzestan; floods |
| Natural resources | Oil — the third-largest proven reserves, about 210 billion barrels; natural gas — the second-largest, about 34 trillion cubic meters, with the South Pars field shared with Qatar the largest in the world; copper at Sarcheshmeh; iron ore, zinc, lead, chromite; coal; turquoise at Nishapur; saffron |
| Land use | Agricultural land about 30%; forest about 7% — the Hyrcanian forests of the Caspian on UNESCO's list |
| National parks | Golestan, the first, 1957; Kavir; Khojir; Lar; Turan, of the cheetah; the Hyrcanian forests; the Hormuz islands; the Lut |
| UNESCO World Heritage | 28 — the most in the Middle East — from Persepolis, Tchogha Zanbil and Naqsh-e Jahan Square (1979) through Pasargadae, Bam, Soltaniyeh, Bisotun, the Armenian monasteries, Tabriz bazaar, the Persian Garden, the Persian Qanat, the Lut Desert and the Hyrcanian Forests to the Prehistoric Sites of the Khorramabad Valley (2025); Nowruz, the radif and the carpets of Kashan and Fars on the intangible list |
| Administrative divisions | 31 provinces — Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Fars, Khuzestan and the rest — under governors-general appointed by the interior minister; 429 counties |
People
| Population | 79,926,270 (census of 2016); about 92 million (2025 est.) |
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| Population density | About 56 per km² (145 per sq mi) — the deserts empty, the Caspian and the west crowded |
| Population growth | About 0.7% a year — the birth rate fallen below replacement, the government paying for children |
| Median age | About 33 years |
| Life expectancy | About 76 years |
| Fertility rate | About 1.7 births per woman |
| Urban population | About 78% |
| Adult literacy | About 89% |
| Ethnic groups | Persian about 61%; Azerbaijani about 16%, in the northwest and Tehran; Kurd about 10%; Lur about 6%; Baloch about 2%; Arab about 2%, in Khuzestan; Turkmen, Qashqai, Armenian, Assyrian, Georgian; the estimates the government's and the scholars', the census counting none |
| Languages | Persian by about 53% as mother tongue and by nearly all; Azerbaijani and other Turkic by about 18%; Kurdish about 10%; Gilaki and Mazandarani; Luri; Arabic; Balochi; English and Arabic taught |
| Religion | Shia Islam about 90% — the Twelver school the state religion by the Constitution, the largest Shia nation on earth; Sunni about 9%, the Kurds, Baloch and Turkmen; Christians — Armenians and Assyrians — Zoroastrians and Jews with seats in parliament; the Baha'i, about 300,000, unrecognized and persecuted; the surveys of the exiles finding far fewer believers than the official count |
| Human Development Index | 0.799 (2023 data, 2025 report) — high; about 75th of 193 |
| Afghans | About 3 to 4 million Afghans in the country, more than a million of them deported in 2025 after the war — the largest refugee population of any country by some counts |
| Sport | Wrestling, the national sport, with 45 Olympic medals; weightlifting — Hossein Rezazadeh; football — Team Melli at six World Cups, the qualification for 2026 the seventh; volleyball; taekwondo; the women barred from the stadiums until 2019 and after |
| Diaspora | About 4 million Iranians abroad — in the United States, Los Angeles above all, Canada, Germany, Britain, Turkey, the Emirates and Sweden — the exiles of 1979 and of every decade since; the brain drain of the 2020s |
Government
| Form of government | Unitary Islamic theocratic republic under the Constitution of 1979 — the Supreme Leader head of state, commander of the armed forces and guardian jurist, chosen for life by the Assembly of Experts; the president head of government, elected for four years from candidates vetted by the Guardian Council; the Majlis; the Expediency Council |
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| Supreme Leader | Mojtaba Khamenei, since 8 March 2026 — the third; a cleric of Qom, born 8 September 1969 at Mashhad, the second son of Ali Khamenei, a veteran of the Iran–Iraq war, long the power behind his father's office and the ally of the Revolutionary Guard; chosen by the Assembly of Experts after the Interim Leadership Council of President Pezeshkian, Chief Justice Mohseni-Eje'i and the jurist Alireza Arafi held the office from 1 to 8 March; the first son to succeed his father in the office, which the revolution had founded against inheritance |
| The killing of Ali Khamenei | On 28 February 2026 Israeli aircraft, with American aircraft and ships in support, struck Tehran and the leadership compound and killed Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader since 4 June 1989, with 75 others — after weeks of American threats, the president's "it's time to look for new leadership in Iran," the protests since December and Pezeshkian's warning that a strike on the leader would be "all-out war against the Iranian nation"; the strikes on the nuclear and military sites the same day; Iran's missiles in reply, the Strait of Hormuz closed; the war of 2026, the second in nine months |
| The war of 2025 | The Twelve-Day War of 13 to 25 June 2025 — Israel's strikes on the nuclear sites, the generals and the scientists from the first night; Iran's missiles on Tel Aviv and Haifa; the United States' bombing of Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan on 22 June with the bunker-busters; Iran's missiles on the Al Udeid base in Qatar; the ceasefire of 25 June by Qatar and the United States; about 1,100 dead in Iran and 28 in Israel by the counts; the enrichment halted, the inspectors expelled, the "snapback" of the UN sanctions of 2015 restored on 28 September 2025 by the Europeans |
| The ceasefire and the talks | The Pakistan-mediated ceasefire of the spring and the memorandum of understanding of June 2026, with sixty days of talks over the nuclear program, the Strait and the sanctions — "it is better to end the war today," Pezeshkian said in August, denying a rift with the leader, who had taken "a different view" of the memorandum; Mohsen Rezaei, the Guard's old commander, made secretary of the Supreme National Security Council in August 2026 and setting six conditions for the Strait; the strikes traded over the violations each side alleges; no settlement by mid-September 2026 |
| President | Masoud Pezeshkian (independent, reformist), since 28 July 2024 — the ninth; a heart surgeon and health minister 2001–05, a deputy for Tabriz since 2008, born 29 September 1954 at Mahabad; elected in the runoff of 5 July 2024 with 53.7% against Saeed Jalili on a turnout of 50%, after the death of Ebrahim Raisi in the helicopter crash of 19 May 2024; Mohammad Reza Aref first vice president |
| The protests | From 28 December 2025 in all 31 provinces — the bazaars and the streets against the inflation and the collapse of the rial, met with live fire, the internet cut, the executions; the American president's "help is on its way" and the cancellation of the talks; the Woman, Life, Freedom protests of 2022–23 after the death of Mahsa Amini on 16 September 2022 before them, some 500 killed then by the rights groups' count; the executions above a thousand a year in 2024 and 2025, the most in the world after China |
| Parliament | The Islamic Consultative Assembly — the Majlis — 290 members elected for four years, five seats for the Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians; the election of 2024 with a turnout of 41%, the lowest since 1979, the hardliners dominant, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf the speaker; the Guardian Council of twelve vetting every candidate and law; the Assembly of Experts of 88 clerics |
| The next election | The presidential election due in 2028 |
| The Guard | The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps — the army of the revolution beside the regular army, with its own navy, air force, missiles and the Quds Force abroad, and a third of the economy; designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 2019 and the European Parliament on 27 August 2025; the Basij militia under it; Qassem Soleimani, its Quds commander, killed by an American drone at Baghdad on 3 January 2020 |
| The nuclear program | Enrichment to 60% by 2025, a step from weapons grade, at Natanz and Fordow — the JCPOA of 14 July 2015 that capped it, the American withdrawal of 8 May 2018, the strikes of June 2025 and February 2026; the fatwa against the bomb of the late leader; the talks of 2026 the question |
| Legal system | Islamic law — the sharia of the Twelver school — in a civil-law frame; the Supreme Court and the Revolutionary Courts; the head of the judiciary appointed by the leader; the hijab law, the morality police and the executions |
| Provinces | 31 under governors-general appointed from Tehran; the city councils elected |
| The region | The "axis of resistance" — Hezbollah, the Houthis, the Iraqi militias and Hamas — broken back in 2024–25 with the killing of Nasrallah and Haniyeh and the fall of Assad on 8 December 2024; the Saudi rapprochement of March 2023 under China; Russia and China the partners; the Gulf Arab states between |
| United Nations | A founding member, 24 October 1945; the Security Council's sanctions of 2006–15 restored by snapback in September 2025 |
| Memberships | OPEC, a founder in 1960; the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation; the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation since 2023; BRICS since 1 January 2024; the Non-Aligned Movement; ECO; the WTO as an observer |
Economy
| GDP (nominal) | About US$400 billion (2025, IMF) — falling in dollar terms with the rial |
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| GDP per capita | About US$4,400 (2025) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | About US$19,000 (2025) |
| GDP growth | About 3% in 2024 and a contraction in 2025–26 with the wars and the sanctions; inflation above 40% and the rial at record lows |
| Economy by sector | Services about 50%, industry about 40% — oil and gas most of it — agriculture about 10% |
| Currency | Iranian rial (IRR) |
| Oil | The third-largest reserves in the world and the fourth producer of OPEC before the sanctions — about 3.3 million barrels a day in 2024, most of it sold to China through the shadow fleet at a discount; the exports cut by the strikes of 2025–26 and the closed Strait; the Kharg Island terminal |
| Gas | The second-largest reserves after Russia — South Pars, the world's largest field, shared with Qatar's North Field; the largest producer after the United States and Russia, nearly all of it burned at home; the winter shortages and the closed factories of 2024–26 |
| The sanctions | The American sanctions since 1979 and the "maximum pressure" of 2018 and 2025; the UN sanctions of 2006–10 lifted by the JCPOA in 2016 and restored by snapback on 28 September 2025 — the arms embargo, the asset freezes, the ban on enrichment; the oil sold through China, the trade through the Emirates and Turkey; the assets of US$100 billion frozen abroad |
| Other exports | Petrochemicals; steel — the largest producer in the Middle East; copper; pistachios, the second exporter; saffron, about 90% of the world's; carpets, the old glory; dates, caviar of the Caspian |
| The people's economy | The subsidies of bread, fuel and electricity; the bonyads, the religious foundations, and the Guard's conglomerates; a third of the people in poverty by the domestic estimates; the emigration of the educated; the black market and the dollar |
| Income classification | Lower-middle income (World Bank) since the rial's collapse |
Transport & infrastructure
| Main airports | Imam Khomeini International at Tehran for the foreign flights; Mehrabad in the city for domestic; Mashhad; Shiraz; Isfahan; Kish; the airspace closed in the wars |
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| Airline | Iran Air, founded 1944 — the Homa, its fleet aged under the sanctions that bar the parts; Mahan Air, the Guard's carrier under U.S. sanctions; the crashes of the old planes |
| Main ports | Bandar Abbas on the Strait, the country's port; Bandar Imam Khomeini; Chabahar on the Gulf of Oman, developed with India; Kharg Island for the oil; Bushehr; Anzali on the Caspian |
| Railways | About 15,000 km (9,300 mi) — the Trans-Iranian Railway of 1938 from the Caspian to the Gulf, a World Heritage site; the lines to Turkey, Turkmenistan and Pakistan; the Tehran Metro of 1999 with seven lines, the largest in the Middle East; the metros of Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz |
| Roads | About 220,000 km (137,000 mi); some 2,400 km of freeways from Tehran to Qom, Isfahan, Qazvin and the Caspian; the road deaths among the highest in the world |
| The pipelines and the Strait | The Goreh–Jask pipeline of 2021 to bypass the Strait; the Kharg loading; the tankers of the shadow fleet; the fifth of the world's oil that passes Hormuz |
History in dates
| c. 3200 BC | Elam at Susa — writing on the plateau |
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| 550 BC | Cyrus the Great founds the Achaemenid Empire; the Cylinder of 539 BC |
| 518 BC | Persepolis begun by Darius |
| 330 BC | Alexander burns Persepolis |
| 224 | The Sasanians under Ardashir |
| 651 | The Arab conquest; Islam |
| 1010 | Ferdowsi finishes the Shahnameh |
| 1258 | The Mongols; Hafez and Saadi in Shiraz the century after |
| 1501 | The Safavids — Shah Ismail makes Shia Islam the state faith |
| 1598 | Isfahan the capital of Abbas the Great |
| 1786 | Tehran the capital of the Qajars |
| 1906 | The Constitutional Revolution |
| 1908 | Oil struck at Masjed Soleyman, 26 May — the first in the Middle East |
| 1925 | Reza Shah Pahlavi |
| 1935 | Persia becomes Iran, 21 March |
| 1941 | The Anglo-Soviet invasion; Mohammad Reza Shah |
| 1953 | The coup against Mosaddegh, 19 August |
| 1979 | The revolution — the Shah leaves 16 January, Khomeini returns 1 February, the victory of 11 February; the hostages, 4 November |
| 1980–1988 | The Iran–Iraq war — some 500,000 dead |
| 1989 | Khomeini dies, 3 June; Ali Khamenei Supreme Leader, 4 June |
| 2009 | The Green Movement after the June election |
| 2015 | The nuclear deal, 14 July |
| 2018 | The United States withdraws, 8 May |
| 2020 | Soleimani killed, 3 January; the Ukrainian airliner shot down, 8 January |
| 2022 | Mahsa Amini dies, 16 September — Woman, Life, Freedom |
| 2024 | Raisi killed in the crash, 19 May; Pezeshkian president, 28 July; the missile exchanges with Israel, April and October |
| 2025 | The Twelve-Day War, 13–25 June; the snapback, 28 September; the protests, from 28 December |
| 2026 | Ali Khamenei killed, 28 February; Mojtaba Khamenei Supreme Leader, 8 March; the ceasefire and the memorandum, June |
Records & firsts
| The first empire of three continents | The Achaemenids, 550 BC |
|---|---|
| The first charter of rights | The Cyrus Cylinder, 539 BC |
| The first oil of the Middle East | Masjed Soleyman, 1908 |
| The largest gas field on earth | South Pars, shared with Qatar |
| The second-largest gas reserves | And the third-largest oil |
| The hottest ground ever measured | The Lut, 70.7°C |
| The highest volcano in Asia | Damavand, 5,610 m |
| The most World Heritage sites in the Middle East | 28 |
| Nine-tenths of the world's saffron | From Khorasan |
| The largest Shia nation | About 83 million |
| The only theocracy of its kind | The guardianship of the jurist, since 1979 |
| A supreme leader killed in office | 28 February 2026 |
| The oldest continuous civilization of the plateau | Elam to today, 5,000 years |
| The Persian carpet | Woven for 2,500 years |
Frequently asked questions
What is the official name of Iran?
The Islamic Republic of Iran — Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān — since the referendum of 30–31 March 1979 that followed the revolution of February. The country was Persia to the West until 1935, when Reza Shah asked the world to use the name its people had always used: Iran, "the land of the Aryans," from the Middle Persian Ērān of the Sasanians; Persia is the Greek name of Pars, the province of the Achaemenid kings, Fars today. The Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great, founded in 550 BC, was the first empire to span three continents.
What is the capital of Iran?
Tehran, on the slopes of the Alborz below Mount Damavand, at 1,200 to 1,700 m — the capital since Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar chose it in 1786, a village then, and one of the largest cities of Asia now, with about 9.5 million people in the city and 16 million in its region; the city struck by the Israeli and American air forces in June 2025 and February 2026. Mashhad, the shrine city of the eighth Imam, is the second with 3.5 million; Isfahan, the Safavid capital and half the world in the old saying, Karaj, Shiraz and Tabriz follow.
How big is Iran, and how many people live there?
About 1,648,195 km² (636,372 sq mi) — the seventeenth-largest country in the world, two and a half times the size of Texas — a plateau ringed by the Alborz and the Zagros, between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, with seven neighbors on land. The census of 2016 counted 79,926,270 people; the UN estimates about 92 million for 2025, the second-largest population of the Middle East after Egypt's, with more than 4 million Iranians abroad and some 3 million Afghans within.
What are the highest and lowest points of Iran?
Mount Damavand, 5,610 m (18,406 ft), the dormant volcano northeast of Tehran — the highest peak in the Middle East and the highest volcano in Asia, the mountain of the Persian epics; and the shore of the Caspian Sea, 28 m (92 ft) below sea level, the largest lake on earth. Between them lie the deserts of the interior, the Dasht-e Kavir and the Dasht-e Lut, where a satellite measured the hottest ground temperature ever recorded, 70.7°C.
What currency does Iran use?
The Iranian rial (ISO code IRR), though Iranians count in tomans, ten rials each — the official rate near 42,000 to the U.S. dollar for a few goods and the open market above a million rials, the currency having lost most of its value under the sanctions and the wars; a law of 2025 to strike four zeros and rename the unit the toman awaits its coins. Clocks keep Iran Standard Time, UTC+3:30, all year, summer time having been abolished in 2022; the calendar is the Solar Hijri, the year 1405 beginning at Nowruz on 21 March 2026.
Who governs Iran?
Supreme Leader Mojtaba Khamenei, chosen by the Assembly of Experts on 8 March 2026 to succeed his father, Ali Khamenei, who had held the office since 1989 and was killed on 28 February 2026 in the American and Israeli strikes on Tehran that opened the war of that year; an Interim Leadership Council of the president, the chief justice and a jurist held the office for a week between. President Masoud Pezeshkian, a heart surgeon and the reformist elected in July 2024 after Ebrahim Raisi died in a helicopter crash, heads the government beneath him. A Pakistan-mediated ceasefire and a memorandum of June 2026 halted the large-scale fighting, with talks of sixty days over the nuclear program, the Strait of Hormuz, closed by Iran, and the sanctions; the two sides have traded strikes since, and no settlement stood at the time of writing.
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