Israel
Name
| Official name | State of Israel — Medinat Yisra'el (מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל); Dawlat Isrā'īl (دولة إسرائيل) |
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| Former names | The British Mandate for Palestine (1920–1948); Ottoman Palestine (1516–1917); the kingdoms of Israel and Judah of the Iron Age |
| Demonym | Israeli |
| Meaning of the name | Yisra'el, "he who struggles with God" — the name given to Jacob in Genesis, and of the northern kingdom of the 9th century BC |
| Motto | None official |
Quick facts
| Capital | Jerusalem — Yerushalayim, al-Quds — by the Basic Law of 1980, the seat of government since 1949; about 1 million; its status unrecognized by most states, the embassies in Tel Aviv but for the United States since 2018 and a few others |
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| Largest cities | Jerusalem; Tel Aviv, about 470,000, with 4 million in the Gush Dan region; Haifa; Rishon LeZion; Petah Tikva; Ashdod; Netanya; Beersheba |
| Official language | Hebrew — the only official language under the Nation-State Basic Law of 2018, which gave Arabic a "special status" in place of its official one; Arabic the language of a fifth; Russian, English, Amharic and Yiddish among the tongues of the immigrants |
| Currency | New Israeli shekel — ISO code ILS, ₪; 100 agorot; about 3.3 to the U.S. dollar |
| Time zone | Israel Standard Time, UTC+2; summer time UTC+3 |
| Calendar | The Hebrew calendar for the holidays and the state's dates — the year 5787 from 12 September 2026; the Gregorian for daily life; the Sabbath from Friday sunset, the working week Sunday to Thursday |
| Calling code | +972 |
| Internet domains | .il and .ישראל |
| ISO 3166 codes | IL · ISR · 376 |
| Vehicle registration code | IL |
| Driving side | Right |
| Electricity | 230 V, 50 Hz; plug types C and H — the three-pronged H used nowhere else |
| Independence | 14 May 1948 — 5 Iyar 5708 — declared by Ben-Gurion at the Tel Aviv museum as the Mandate ended; Independence Day kept by the Hebrew date |
| National days | Yom Ha'atzmaut, Independence Day, in April or May; Yom HaZikaron, the Memorial Day, the day before; Yom HaShoah, the Holocaust Remembrance Day; Jerusalem Day; Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Passover and Shavuot the holidays of the state; the Muslim, Christian and Druze holidays for their communities |
| Constitution | None — the Basic Laws, thirteen since 1958, in place of the constitution the Declaration promised; the Basic Law of Human Dignity and Liberty of 1992 the charter of rights; the Nation-State law of 2018; the amendment of 2023 on "reasonableness" struck down by the Supreme Court on 1 January 2024 |
| Population | About 10.1 million (Central Bureau of Statistics, end of 2025) — including the settlers of the West Bank and the Golan, about 10.4 million; the census of 2022 the last count |
| Area | 21,937 km² (8,470 sq mi) within the 1949 armistice lines; 22,145 km² with the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem under Israeli law; the West Bank and Gaza, about 6,200 km², not counted |
Flag & national symbols
| National flag | Two horizontal blue stripes on white, the pattern of the tallit, the prayer shawl, with a blue Star of David, the Magen David, at the center — the flag of the Zionist movement designed for the Basel congress of 1897 and raised as the flag of the state on 28 October 1948.Flag of Israel |
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| National emblem | The menorah, the seven-branched lamp of the Temple as carved on the Arch of Titus in Rome, between two olive branches, over the word Israel in Hebrew — designed by Gabriel and Maxim Shamir, adopted 10 February 1949 |
| National anthem | "Hatikvah" ("The Hope") — the poem of Naftali Herz Imber, 1878, to a Moldavian folk melody arranged by Samuel Cohen; the Zionist anthem from 1897, the state's by custom from 1948 and by law since 2004 |
| National colors | Blue and white |
| National bird | The hoopoe — the duchifat; chosen by a national vote on the 60th anniversary in 2008 |
| National flower | The anemone — the kalanit, Anemone coronaria, the red flower of the winter fields; chosen by vote in 2013 |
| National tree | The olive — on the emblem; the oak and the cypress of the forests planted since 1901 |
| National dish | Falafel and hummus, shared and disputed with the neighbors; shakshuka; the schnitzel of the immigrants; the Sabbath cholent; widely cited |
| Symbol status | The flag and emblem by the laws of 1949; the anthem by the law of 2004; the bird and flower by the votes of 2008 and 2013; the tree and dishes widely cited |
Geography
| Location | The eastern shore of the Mediterranean — the Levant, between Lebanon and Syria to the north, Jordan to the east, Egypt and the Sinai to the southwest, with the Gulf of Aqaba at Eilat on the Red Sea; the West Bank and Gaza within its lines |
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| Land borders | 1,068 km (664 mi) — Jordan 307, the West Bank 330, Egypt 208, Syria 83 on the Golan line, Lebanon 81, Gaza 59 |
| Coastline | 273 km (170 mi) — 260 km on the Mediterranean, 13 km on the Red Sea at Eilat |
| Highest point | Mount Meron, 1,208 m (3,963 ft), within the 1949 lines; Mount Hermon, 2,236 m (7,336 ft), on the Golan Heights, the highest point under Israeli control |
| Lowest point | The Dead Sea, 430 m (1,411 ft) below sea level — the lowest land on earth, falling a meter a year |
| Mean elevation | 508 m (1,667 ft) |
| The Jordan and the lakes | The Jordan River, 251 km from Mount Hermon through the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the border with Jordan and the West Bank, a trickle now; the Sea of Galilee — the Kinneret — 166 km², 213 m below the sea, the lowest freshwater lake in the world and the country's reservoir; the Dead Sea, ten times as salty as the ocean, 605 km² and shrinking, the potash and the spas on its shore |
| Terrain | The coastal plain of the cities and the citrus; the hills of Galilee, Samaria and Judea; the Jordan Rift Valley; the Negev desert, three-fifths of the land, with the Ramon crater; the Golan plateau; the Carmel |
| Climate | Mediterranean on the coast and in the hills — hot dry summers, mild wet winters from November to March; desert in the Negev and the Arava; the snow of Hermon; the hamsin of spring |
| Natural hazards | Earthquakes on the Dead Sea Rift — 1927, and the great one awaited; flash floods in the Negev; wildfires — the Carmel of 2010, 44 dead; drought; the sinkholes of the Dead Sea shore |
| Natural resources | Natural gas offshore — Tamar, 2009, and Leviathan, 2010, among the largest finds of the decade; potash, bromine and magnesium from the Dead Sea; phosphates of the Negev; copper at Timna, mined since the pharaohs; the water made from the sea |
| Land use | Agricultural land about 24%; forest about 8%, planted — the 240 million trees of the Jewish National Fund |
| National parks | Some 70 national parks and 190 reserves — Masada, Caesarea, Ein Gedi, the Ramon crater, the Hula valley of the cranes, Timna, the Banias of the Golan; the Israel National Trail of 1,100 km |
| UNESCO World Heritage | 9 — Masada and the Old City of Acre (2001); the White City of Tel Aviv (2003), the Bauhaus of the 1930s; the Incense Route of the Negev and the Biblical Tels of Megiddo, Hazor and Beersheba (2005); the Bahá'í holy places of Haifa and Acre (2008); the Carmel caves of human evolution (2012); the caves of Maresha and Bet Guvrin (2014); the necropolis of Beit She'arim (2015); the Old City of Jerusalem listed in 1981 by Jordan's nomination, on the danger list |
| Administrative divisions | 6 districts — Jerusalem, Northern, Haifa, Central, Tel Aviv and Southern — and the Judea and Samaria Area of the West Bank under military administration; 15 sub-districts; 257 municipalities |
People
| Population | About 10.1 million (end of 2025) — about 10.4 million with the settlements |
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| Population density | About 460 per km² (1,190 per sq mi) — among the densest in the developed world; Gush Dan above 7,000 |
| Population growth | About 1.7% a year — the highest of the OECD, by birth and immigration; some 3.3 million immigrants since 1948, a million from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s |
| Median age | About 30 years — the youngest of the developed world |
| Life expectancy | About 83 years |
| Fertility rate | About 2.9 births per woman — the highest in the OECD by a distance; the ultra-Orthodox above 6 |
| Urban population | About 93% |
| Adult literacy | About 98% |
| Origin | Jewish about 73% — of every origin, from Morocco and Iraq to Poland and Russia, the Mizrahi and Sephardi about half and the Ashkenazi the other, the Ethiopians about 170,000; Arab about 21% — Muslim 18%, Christian 2%, Druze 1.5%, and the Bedouin of the Negev; others about 6%, the immigrants not Jewish by the rabbinate's rule |
| Languages | Hebrew by about 90% — the ancient tongue revived by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda from the 1880s, the only dead language ever brought back to daily life; Arabic by the fifth; Russian by about 1.5 million; English by most; Amharic, Yiddish, French, Spanish |
| Religion | Jewish about 73% — of whom about 45% secular, 33% traditional, 10% religious and 13% Haredi, the ultra-Orthodox, the fastest growing; Muslim about 18%, Sunni; Christian about 2%; Druze about 1.5%; the Chief Rabbinate's control of marriage and the Sabbath the politics of every coalition |
| Human Development Index | 0.919 (2023 data, 2025 report) — very high; about 27th of 193 |
| The Haredi question | The ultra-Orthodox about 13% and rising toward a quarter by 2050 — the exemption from military service of the yeshiva students since 1948, struck down by the Supreme Court, the draft orders of 2024–25 and the coalition's bills to soften them; the issue of the election of 2026 |
| Sport | Football — Maccabi and Hapoel of Tel Aviv, the World Cup of 1970; basketball — Maccabi Tel Aviv, six European titles; the Olympic golds of 2004 in windsurfing, 2021 in gymnastics and the medals of Paris 2024; the Maccabiah Games every four years; judo |
| Diaspora | About 15.8 million Jews in the world, some 7.3 million in Israel — the largest Jewish population — and 6.3 million in the United States; the Law of Return of 1950 for any Jew; about a million Israelis abroad |
Government
| Form of government | Parliamentary republic under the Basic Laws — the president a ceremonial head of state elected by the Knesset for seven years; the prime minister head of government, commanding a majority of the 120; the Supreme Court as the High Court of Justice |
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| Prime Minister | Benjamin Netanyahu (Likud), since 29 December 2022 — his sixth government, the 37th of the state; prime minister 1996–99 and 2009–21, the longest-serving of all, some 18 years; born 21 October 1949 in Tel Aviv, the MIT graduate, commando and ambassador; on trial for bribery, fraud and breach of trust since 2020, testifying since December 2024; under an International Criminal Court warrant of 21 November 2024 for war crimes in Gaza, which he calls antisemitic |
| President | Isaac Herzog (Labor, independent in office), since 7 July 2021 — the 11th; the son of President Chaim Herzog, leader of the Labor Party 2013–17 and chairman of the Jewish Agency; born 22 September 1960 in Tel Aviv; elected by the Knesset with 87 votes; his term to 2028 |
| The 2026 election | The election of the 26th Knesset on 27 October 2026 — the 25th Knesset having completed its four-year term, the first to do so since 1988 after the five snap elections of 2019–22, and dissolved on 17 July 2026; the first vote since 7 October 2023; the opposition bloc of Yashar under Gadi Eisenkot, the former chief of staff, with Bennett, Lapid, Lieberman and Gantz, ahead of Likud and its partners in the polls of the summer, the conscription of the Haredim and the responsibility for 7 October the questions; Netanyahu against Eisenkot on the question of prime minister in the polls of September |
| The government | The coalition of Likud, the ultra-Orthodox Shas and United Torah Judaism, and the far-right Religious Zionism and Otzma Yehudit of Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben-Gvir — 64 of the 120 at its founding, "the most right-wing in the state's history" by the description of friend and foe; the judicial overhaul of 2023 and the protests of hundreds of thousands against it; the Gaza war since October 2023 |
| Parliament | The Knesset — 120 members elected for four years by proportional representation in a single national constituency with a 3.25% threshold; the 25th elected 1 November 2022: Likud 32, Yesh Atid 24, Religious Zionism 14, National Unity 12, Shas 11, UTJ 7, Yisrael Beiteinu 6, Ra'am 5, Hadash-Ta'al 5, Labor 4; Amir Ohana the speaker |
| The war in Gaza | The Hamas-led attack of 7 October 2023 — about 1,200 killed in Israel, most of them civilians, and 251 taken hostage, the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust; the war in Gaza that followed, about 70,000 Palestinians killed by the count of the Gaza health ministry, most of them civilians by the UN's reckoning, the enclave largely destroyed and its people displaced, famine declared by the UN's monitors in 2025; the ceasefire of 10 October 2025 under the American plan and the summit at Sharm el-Sheikh of 13 October, the last living hostages returned; the second phase, the disarming of Hamas and the international force, the open questions; South Africa's case at the International Court of Justice charging genocide, which Israel rejects as a blood libel, and the court's provisional orders of 2024; the ICC warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant |
| Lebanon, Syria and Iran | The war with Hezbollah of 2023–24 — the pagers of September 2024, Nasrallah killed 27 September, the ceasefire of 27 November 2024 and the strikes since; the fall of Assad on 8 December 2024 and the Israeli zone beyond the Golan; the Twelve-Day War with Iran of 13–25 June 2025 and the strikes of 28 February 2026 with the United States that killed the Supreme Leader; the American negotiation with Iran without Israel in the summer of 2026 the strain with Washington |
| The occupation | The West Bank held since 1967 under military rule, with the Palestinian Authority in its cities under Oslo; some 500,000 settlers there and 230,000 in East Jerusalem, the settlements illegal under international law by the ICJ's advisory opinion of 19 July 2024 and legal by Israel's account; the expansion of 2023–26 the largest in decades; the Golan annexed in 1981, recognized by the United States in 2019; the two-state solution the stated policy of most of the world and rejected by the Knesset's vote of 2024 |
| Legal system | Mixed — English common law, Ottoman and Jewish law, and the Basic Laws; the Supreme Court sitting as the High Court of Justice, whose power over the Knesset was the object of the overhaul of 2023; rabbinical courts for marriage and divorce; the military courts of the West Bank |
| Districts | 6 under the interior ministry; the municipalities elected; the regional councils of the kibbutzim and moshavim |
| Defense | The Israel Defense Forces — conscription of men and women at 18, about 170,000 active and 465,000 reservists mobilized in 2023; the Iron Dome, David's Sling and Arrow; the undeclared nuclear arsenal of some 90 warheads by the estimates; U.S. military aid of US$3.8 billion a year under the memorandum of 2016, and US$14 billion more in 2024 |
| Peace and the accords | The treaties with Egypt of 26 March 1979 and Jordan of 26 October 1994; the Oslo Accords with the PLO of 13 September 1993; the Abraham Accords of 15 September 2020 with the Emirates and Bahrain, then Morocco and Sudan; the Saudi normalization sought and stalled by the war |
| United Nations | Member since 11 May 1949; the partition resolution of 29 November 1947 its birth; the state most censured by the General Assembly; the Palestinian state recognized by about 150 members, France, Britain and Canada among them since September 2025 |
| Memberships | The OECD since 2010; the WTO; associated with the EU's programs; outside every regional body of the Middle East; the largest recipient of American aid since 1945 |
Economy
| GDP (nominal) | About US$580 billion (2025, IMF) |
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| GDP per capita | About US$57,000 (2025) — above Germany's and Britain's |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | About US$58,000 (2025) |
| GDP growth | About 1% in 2024 and 3% in 2025 through the wars — the reservists, the tourism collapse, the deficit; the credit downgrades of 2024 by all three agencies; inflation about 3% |
| Economy by sector | Services about 70%, industry about 20%, agriculture about 1% |
| Currency | New Israeli shekel (ILS) |
| The Startup Nation | Some 7,000 startups and 100 unicorns — the most per capita on earth; the exits of Waze, Mobileye, Wiz — bought by Google in 2025 for US$32 billion, the largest — and the rest; the R&D centers of Intel, Google, Microsoft, Apple and Nvidia; technology about 20% of GDP and half of exports; the Silicon Wadi from Herzliya to Haifa |
| Defense exports | About US$15 billion in 2024, a record — Elbit, Rafael and Israel Aerospace Industries; the drones, the missiles, the Iron Dome; the cyber industry |
| Diamonds and the old trades | The diamond exchange of Ramat Gan, the polishing capital of the world once; the citrus of the Jaffa orange; the desalination of Sorek and Hadera, the most water made from the sea per head of any country; the drip irrigation of Netafim, 1965 |
| Gas | Tamar since 2013 and Leviathan since 2019 — about 25 billion cubic meters a year, exported to Egypt and Jordan; the gas that made the country an energy exporter |
| Public finances | The war's cost above US$70 billion; the deficit of 7% in 2024; public debt about 70% of GDP; the budget of 2025 the largest ever; the Haredi subsidies the fight |
| Income classification | High income (World Bank); an OECD member since 2010 |
Transport & infrastructure
| Main airport | Ben Gurion International Airport at Lod — about 20 million passengers, shut in the wars and reopened; Ramon Airport near Eilat, 2019; Haifa |
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| Airline | El Al, founded 1948 — the national carrier, the only one that flew through the war; Arkia and Israir |
| Main ports | Haifa, bought by India's Adani in 2023; Ashdod; the new Bay Port of Haifa run by China's SIPG since 2021; Eilat on the Red Sea, idled by the Houthis' attacks |
| Railways | About 1,400 km (870 mi) — Israel Railways from Nahariya to Beersheba; the fast line from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem of 2018, 28 minutes; the Tel Aviv light rail, the Red Line opened 18 August 2023, the Purple and Green under construction, the metro planned; the Jerusalem light rail of 2011; the Carmelit funicular of Haifa, the smallest subway in the world |
| Roads | About 20,000 km (12,400 mi); Highway 6, the Trans-Israel toll road, 200 km; the Ayalon of Tel Aviv; Highway 1 to Jerusalem; the Route 90 along the Jordan, the longest |
| The trail | The Israel National Trail of 1,100 km from Dan to Eilat |
History in dates
| c. 1000 BC | David's kingdom; Solomon's Temple |
|---|---|
| 586 BC | Babylon destroys the First Temple; the exile |
| 70 | Rome destroys the Second Temple; Masada falls, 73 |
| 135 | The Bar Kokhba revolt crushed; Judea renamed Palestine |
| 1517 | The Ottoman conquest — four centuries |
| 1897 | The first Zionist Congress at Basel, 29 August — Herzl |
| 1917 | The Balfour Declaration, 2 November; the British take Jerusalem, 9 December |
| 1920 | The British Mandate |
| 1947 | The UN partition plan, 29 November |
| 1948 | Independence, 14 May; the war of 1948–49; the Nakba of 700,000 Palestinians |
| 1949 | The armistice lines; the Knesset; the UN, 11 May |
| 1956 | The Suez war, 29 October |
| 1967 | The Six-Day War, 5–10 June — the West Bank, Gaza, the Golan and Sinai taken |
| 1973 | The Yom Kippur War, 6 October |
| 1977 | Begin and the Likud; Sadat in Jerusalem, 19 November |
| 1979 | Peace with Egypt, 26 March |
| 1982 | The Lebanon war, 6 June |
| 1987 | The first intifada, 9 December |
| 1993 | The Oslo Accords, 13 September |
| 1994 | Peace with Jordan, 26 October |
| 1995 | Rabin assassinated, 4 November |
| 2000 | The second intifada, 28 September; the Lebanon withdrawal, May |
| 2005 | The Gaza disengagement, August |
| 2006 | The Lebanon war of July; Hamas takes Gaza, 2007 |
| 2020 | The Abraham Accords, 15 September |
| 2023 | The judicial overhaul and the protests; the Hamas attack, 7 October |
| 2024 | The reasonableness law struck down, 1 January; Nasrallah killed, 27 September; the ICC warrants, 21 November |
| 2025 | The war with Iran, 13–25 June; the Gaza ceasefire, 10 October; the hostages return, 13 October |
| 2026 | The strikes on Iran with the United States, 28 February; the Knesset dissolves, 17 July; the election, 27 October |
Records & firsts
| The lowest point on land | The Dead Sea, 430 m below the sea |
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| The only revived language | Hebrew, spoken again since the 1880s |
| The most startups per capita | The Startup Nation |
| The largest tech acquisition of 2025 | Wiz, US$32 billion |
| The highest birth rate in the developed world | About 2.9 |
| The only Jewish-majority state | About 7.3 million Jews |
| The most water from the sea per head | Sorek and Hadera |
| Drip irrigation | Netafim, 1965 |
| The USB flash drive | M-Systems, 1999 |
| A city holy to three faiths | Jerusalem |
| The longest-serving prime minister | Netanyahu, about 18 years |
| The deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust | 7 October 2023 |
| The Bauhaus city | The White City of Tel Aviv |
| A full Knesset term at last | 2022–26, the first since 1988 |
Frequently asked questions
What is the official name of Israel?
The State of Israel — Medinat Yisra'el in Hebrew, Dawlat Isrā'īl in Arabic — proclaimed by David Ben-Gurion in Tel Aviv on 14 May 1948, the day the British Mandate for Palestine ended, as the Jewish state the UN partition plan of 1947 had drawn. The name is the biblical one, given to the patriarch Jacob and borne by the northern kingdom of the Iron Age; the land was Judea and Palestine to the Romans, and the Zionist movement that founded the state was born at the Basel congress of 1897.
What is the capital of Israel?
Jerusalem, by Israel's law — the seat of the Knesset, the government, the Supreme Court and the president since 1949–50, declared "complete and united" the capital by the Basic Law of 1980 after the east of the city was taken in 1967 and annexed; a city of about a million people, holy to Jews, Christians and Muslims, whose status the United Nations and most states regard as unsettled, with the embassies kept in Tel Aviv except for the United States, which moved its own in 2018, and a handful of others. Tel Aviv, founded in 1909 on the sand beside Jaffa, is the economic and cultural capital, with about 470,000 in the city and 4 million in Gush Dan, nearly half the country; Haifa on the Carmel and Beersheba in the Negev follow.
How big is Israel, and how many people live there?
About 21,937 km² (8,470 sq mi) within the armistice lines of 1949 — a little larger than New Jersey, the size of Slovenia — and 22,145 km² with the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, which Israel annexed and the world, with few exceptions, does not recognize; the West Bank and Gaza, some 6,200 km², are the occupied Palestinian territories of the UN's count, and the settlements of some 700,000 Israelis lie in them. The Central Bureau of Statistics counted about 10.1 million people at the end of 2025, a population that has grown twelvefold since 1948 by immigration and the highest birth rate of the developed world.
What are the highest and lowest points of Israel?
Mount Meron, 1,208 m (3,963 ft), in the Upper Galilee, within the 1949 lines — Mount Hermon's summit of 2,236 m on the Golan Heights is the highest point Israel controls; and the Dead Sea, 430 m (1,411 ft) below sea level, the lowest point on the land surface of the earth, shrinking a meter a year. The Sea of Galilee at 213 m below the sea is the lowest freshwater lake in the world; the Jordan runs between them; and the Negev desert is three-fifths of the land.
What currency does Israel use?
The new Israeli shekel (ISO code ILS, ₪), of 100 agorot, issued by the Bank of Israel since 1985 in place of the old shekel of the hyperinflation, at about 3.3 to the U.S. dollar — the shekel the weight of silver of the Bible. Clocks keep Israel Standard Time, UTC+2, with summer time; the state's calendar is the Hebrew one for the holidays, the year 5787 beginning at Rosh Hashanah on 12 September 2026, and the week ends on Saturday, the Sabbath.
Who governs Israel?
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud, head of government since 29 December 2022 at the head of the most right-wing coalition in the state's history, and before that in 1996–99 and 2009–21 — the longest-serving prime minister, and the first since Golda Meir to complete a full Knesset term, which the 25th Knesset did when it dissolved on 17 July 2026 for the election of 27 October 2026. The election is the first since the Hamas attack of 7 October 2023 and the wars that followed in Gaza, Lebanon and Iran; the polls give the opposition bloc of Gadi Eisenkot's Yashar, Naftali Bennett, Yair Lapid and Avigdor Lieberman the lead over Likud and its ultra-Orthodox and far-right partners, and the conscription of the ultra-Orthodox the issue. President Isaac Herzog has been the ceremonial head of state since 7 July 2021.
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